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Screen time by age: what paediatricians recommend

By Marina Mele · Reviewed on 25 October 2026

On the sofa, a mother looks at a tablet with her young son, who points at the screen, while beside them, on the rug, an older girl builds a tower with blocks.

This guide brings together what paediatric and health organisations in Spain, Europe and North America, and the World Health Organization (WHO), recommend on screen time for children. These are recommendations, not a summary of the research on what screens do. Checked on 18 October 2026. How we made this guide →

In short

Before age 2, nearly all of them say no screens. The most common exception is a video call with family.

From 2 to 6, they don't agree. Some say no screens until age 6, others until 3, and many allow up to an hour a day. Some of the strictest are in Spain: the Spanish Paediatric Association (AEP) says no screens until age 6.

From 6 to 12, those that give a figure put it between less than an hour and two hours a day, and many give none. They don't all count the same thing: some include any screen time children may have at school or for homework, and others count only leisure time.

On how to use them, the same advice keeps coming up: an adult alongside, nothing at the table or before bed, and not using screens to calm children down when they're restless or angry, or to keep them busy when they're bored. If you only want to know what to do at home, go to “The advice that keeps coming up”.

What they recommend in Spain

The Spanish Paediatric Association (AEP) is one of the strictest: no screens until age 6, because, it says, no amount of time is safe.1 In Catalonia, the Catalan Paediatric Society and the Catalan Health Department say no screens until age 3,79 and so does the Spanish Government's expert committee.13

Catalonia appears separately because it is the only region of Spain for which we found a protocol for paediatricians with figures by age. If you live in another region, the recommendations of the AEP and the Government's committee, which apply to the whole of Spain, are the ones for you.

If you live in Catalonia, the guidance your local health centre (the CAP) follows is the Health Department's: it is the protocol used by primary care paediatricians, and it says almost the same as the Catalan Paediatric Society.9 In the boxes below and in the chart further down, it is the one labelled “Catalonia”.

Under 3

  • All three organisations No screens. Some allow one exception: a short video call with family, with an adult present.

Ages 3 to 6

  • AEP No screens (there is no safe amount of time). The only exception is brief contact with family or friends, such as a video call, with an adult present.
  • Catalonia Less than 30 minutes a day, only on some days of the week, and always with an adult. The limit also includes time spent learning.
  • Government committee Advised against; only now and then, with an adult, to keep in touch with family.

Ages 6 to 12

  • AEP Less than an hour a day, including school and homework.
  • Catalonia Starting with less and building up to an hour a day at most. The limit also includes time spent learning.
  • Government committee Limit use, with an adult. The recommendations give no figure; the report's table for doctors says less than an hour.
Where this comes from

AEP. The December 2024 press release advises against screens before age 6, “considerándose que no existe un tiempo seguro” (on the basis that there is no safe amount of time),1 and the AEP's article in Anales de Pediatría sums it up like this: “0 a 6 años: Cero pantallas, no existe un tiempo seguro” (0 to 6 years: zero screens, there is no safe amount of time).5 The exception is brief social contact with a specific purpose, “como contar un cuento o cantar una canción” (such as telling a story or singing a song), according to the infographic.2 For ages 7 to 12, the infographic says “Menos de una hora (incluyendo el tiempo escolar y los deberes)” (less than an hour, including school time and homework). The press release headline says “entre los 6 y 12” (between 6 and 12); the lists say “7 a 12” (7 to 12): a 6-year-old appears in both. The AEP repeated this in 2025 with five other medical societies, which added “incluyendo el tiempo escolar y los deberes” (including school time and homework) for under-6s as well.3

Catalonia. The Catalan Paediatric Society (January 2024): from 0 to 3, “No els faciliteu cap tipus de pantalla” (don't give them any kind of screen); from 3 to 6, “menys de 30 minuts diaris, alguns dies a la setmana” (less than 30 minutes a day, on some days of the week); from 6 to 12, “fins a 1 hora diària màxim” (up to 1 hour a day at most). It says time should be regulated “ja sigui amb finalitats d'oci o amb finalitats educatives” (whether for leisure or for learning), and that the recommended time “és un temps orientatiu” (is a rough guide).78 The Health Department's protocol (January 2025), the one primary care paediatricians use, says the same about ages and time, but on one page it uses the age bands 0-3, 4-6 and 7-12 and on another, 0-3, 3-6 and 6-12.9

The Spanish Government's committee. The report by the committee of 50 experts (December 2024), which the Government received but which is not a regulation: “No exponer a los niños y niñas de 0 a 3 años a los dispositivos digitales” (do not expose children aged 0 to 3 to digital devices), and advising against them from 3 to 6, except for occasional, supervised use to keep in touch socially or with family. From 6 to 12, limiting devices with internet access, with an adult and “con límites prefijados” (with limits set in advance), with no figure. The report's table for doctors gives different figures and age bands (under 5, “0 minutos”, 0 minutes; from 6 to 12, less than an hour).13

Other documents say different things: the Spanish Ministry of Health's infographics (2023) recommend no more than an hour of screen time at age 2, “y cuanto menos, mejor” (and the less, the better),14 and the Barcelona College of Physicians (2024), like the AEP, says no screens until 6.11 The chart shows the three above because they are the paediatric society for the whole of Spain, the one your health centre follows in Catalonia, and the one from the report the Government commissioned.

What “screen time” means

Before comparing figures: all these organisations talk about screens in general (TV, games, tablets, phones, computers), but not all of them count school.

  • CountsTV (cartoons, films and series), video games, tablets, phones and computers.
  • Doesn't countMusic and audio stories, because they have no screen.
  • Depends who you askSchool and homework. The AEP adds them in, and the Catalan Paediatric Society counts all use for learning; Sweden, the WHO (from age 5) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (from age 6) count only leisure. And video calls with family: for young children, many allow them as an exception.

In the chart in the next section, the ages at which the limit also includes time spent learning are marked with a school bag.

Where this comes from

The devices. Those that give a list include every device with a screen. The Spanish Government's committee does so, defining digital as “cualquier pantalla… televisión, tableta, teléfono inteligente, ordenador” (any screen… television, tablet, smartphone, computer),13 as do the UK,21 Germany28 and the Canadian Paediatric Society. The others talk about “screens” in general. None of them counts music or audio stories. Germany is the only one that mentions them: it says they are not screens and gives them a separate limit, from 30 minutes to an hour a day depending on age.28

The daily total. Only the UK (“total time”) and Germany (“zusammen”, all together) say that the figure is the sum of all screens. The Catalan Paediatric Society treats each device separately: from 6 to 12, games consoles have an hour of their own, and it doesn't say whether that is within the overall hour.7

School and homework. The AEP explicitly includes school and homework (“incluyendo el tiempo escolar y los deberes”, including school time and homework),2 and the Catalan Paediatric Society asks for time to be regulated “ja sigui amb finalitats d'oci o amb finalitats educatives” (whether for leisure or for learning), without saying whether school is included.7 Those that count only leisure are Sweden (“inte sådant som skolarbete”, not things like schoolwork),25 the WHO for ages 5-1716 and the American Academy of Pediatrics from age 6 (“entertainment (not school-related) media”).37 The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines talk about “recreational” screen time, without saying what is left out.36 The Catalan Health Department, the Spanish Government's committee, France and Germany don't say, and, for screens at home, the UK and the Canadian Paediatric Society don't leave out use for learning.

Video calls. Many allow them for young children: among others, the AEP, the Catalan Paediatric Society, the Spanish Government's committee, Canada, Sweden and the UK; the UK also counts them as screen time.

Other differences. From 1 to 4, the WHO counts only “sedentary” and passive screen time: a game in which the child moves around doesn't count.15 And some figures aren't for every day: the Catalan Paediatric Society says “alguns dies a la setmana” (on some days of the week) and Germany “möglichst nicht täglich” (preferably not every day).

And in the rest of Europe and North America

Outside Spain, four of the seven in the chart say no screens until age 2 and up to an hour a day from 2 to 5. From age 5 or 6, many give no figure, and the American Academy of Pediatrics no longer sets one for any age (it only gives an example).

No screens until what age, and how much after that

  • No screens
  • Very little or now and then (up to 30 min)
  • Up to an hour a day
  • One to two hours a day
  • Limit use, no figure
  • The limit also includes time spent learning (the others count only leisure, or don't say)

1 Catalonia. This is the one used at local health centres in Catalonia: the Catalan Health Department's protocol, which primary care paediatricians follow and which repeats the Catalan Paediatric Society almost word for word. It is the Society that says time spent learning also counts.

2 Canada. This is the Canadian Paediatric Society. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, by contrast, set a maximum of two hours of leisure screen time from 5 to 17.

3 United States. The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer sets any figure. It only gives an example for families who ask for one: less than an hour for young children and, from age 6, one to two hours of leisure, “or more”. Some of its older pages for families still say one hour from 18 months to 5 years.

Recommendations in force on 18 October 2026.
Read it as text
  • AEP (2024). Up to age 6: no screens (there is no safe amount of time). The only exception is brief contact with family or friends, such as a video call, with an adult present. Ages 6 to 12: less than an hour a day, including school and homework. The limit also includes time spent learning.
  • Catalonia (2024-2025). Up to age 3: no screens. Ages 3 to 6: less than 30 minutes a day, only on some days of the week, and always with an adult. The limit also includes time spent learning. Ages 6 to 12: starting with less and building up to an hour a day at most. The limit also includes time spent learning. This is the one used at local health centres in Catalonia: the Catalan Health Department's protocol, which primary care paediatricians follow and which repeats the Catalan Paediatric Society almost word for word. It is the Society that says time spent learning also counts.
  • Government committee (2024). Up to age 3: no devices. Ages 3 to 6: advised against; only now and then, with an adult, to keep in touch with family. Ages 6 to 12: limit use, with an adult. The recommendations give no figure; the report's table for doctors says less than an hour.
  • WHO (2019-2020). Up to age 2: not recommended. Ages 2 to 4: no more than an hour; “less is better”. Ages 5 to 12: limit leisure screen time; the studies don't allow a figure to be set.
  • France (2025). Up to age 3: “proscrite” (banned), including in the background. Ages 3 to 6: “exceptionnelle” (exceptional), with educational content and an adult. Ages 6 to 12: with parental oversight, no figure.
  • United Kingdom (2026). Up to age 2: avoid screens, except for activities shared with family. Ages 2 to 5: one hour a day, less if possible. Ages 5 to 12: no guidance yet (it is being prepared).
  • Sweden (2024). Up to age 2: preferably none, except a video call or looking at photos with an adult. Ages 2 to 5: an hour a day at most. Ages 6 to 12: between one and two hours of leisure a day, not counting school.
  • Germany (2025). Up to age 3: “möglichst keine Bildschirmmedien” (preferably no screens). Ages 3 to 6: 30 minutes at most, all screens together, and preferably not every day. Ages 6 to 9: 45 minutes at most, all screens together, and preferably not every day. Ages 9 to 12: 45 minutes to an hour a day at most.
  • Canada (2022-2025). Up to age 2: not recommended, except video calls. Ages 2 to 5: one hour or less. Ages 5 to 12: a family plan, no figure. This is the Canadian Paediatric Society. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, by contrast, set a maximum of two hours of leisure screen time from 5 to 17.
  • United States (2026). Up to age 2: babies don't learn from screens; the occasional short, good-quality video does no harm. Ages 2 to 5: sets no figure; as an example, less than an hour for young children. Ages 5 to 12: sets no figure; as an example, from age 6, one to two hours of leisure, or more. The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer sets any figure. It only gives an example for families who ask for one: less than an hour for young children and, from age 6, one to two hours of leisure, “or more”. Some of its older pages for families still say one hour from 18 months to 5 years.
How we chose the organisations

Those in Spain, because they are the ones you will come across here; the WHO, which is the international reference; and, elsewhere, those that have published recent official recommendations (from 2024 to 2026) and the two paediatric societies in North America. We consulted 65 documents, nearly all read in full and in the original language. The chart shows ten organisations. Of the other documents, some repeat what one of those in the chart says, some are no longer current or are not from a public body or a scientific society, and those that say something different appear in the “By age” section.

By age

Under 2

No screens, nearly everywhere. The exception is a video call with family and, in the UK, Sweden and Finland, also looking at photos together.

They don't agree on how long this should last. In Ireland, and on older US pages for families, the cut-off is 18 months; for most, it is 2; in Catalonia, for the Spanish Government's committee and in countries such as France and Germany, it is 3; and for the AEP and the French Paediatric Society, it is 6. The French ministry doesn't even allow the TV to be on in the background. And the American Academy of Pediatrics, since 2026, no longer says “none”: it says babies don't learn from screens and that an occasional short, good-quality video does them no harm.

Where this comes from

WHO (2019): for under-1s, “Screen time is not recommended”; for 1-year-olds, no sedentary screen time either.15 Canadian Paediatric Society (2022): “not recommended apart from video-chatting with caring adults”.33 UK (2026): avoid screens “other than for shared activities with family”, such as video calls and photo albums.20 Sweden (2024): “helst inte” (preferably not), but “det kan vara okej” (it can be fine) to have a video call with a relative or look at photos with an adult.25 Finland (2026): none, except video calls or looking at photos as a family.27 Ireland (2024): up to 18 months, “try not to let them spend time in front of a screen”.24 Austria (2026): from 0 to 3, “möglichst keinen direkten Bildschirmkontakt” (if possible, no direct contact with screens).31 France (2025), up to age 3: “proscrite, y compris en bruit de fond” (banned, including in the background).17 American Academy of Pediatrics (2026): “Infants do not learn from digital media”, but occasionally watching short, good-quality videos “is not detrimental”.37 The American Academy of Pediatrics' older pages for families (from 2016, still online) say one hour a day from 18 months to 5 years.39

From 2 to 6

There are three groups here:

  • No screens until age 6: the AEP and the Spanish medical societies that have joined it, the Barcelona College of Physicians, and the French Paediatric Society with three other societies (2025).
  • None until 3 and, from 3 to 6, very little: Catalonia (less than 30 minutes, on some days), the Spanish Government's committee (only now and then) and Germany (30 minutes at most), among others.
  • Up to an hour a day: the WHO, the UK, Canada and most countries in northern Europe.
Where this comes from

WHO (2019), for 2-year-olds and for ages 3-4, sedentary screen time: “no more than 1 hour; less is better”.15 UK (2026): “Try to keep it to 1 hour a day. Less if possible.”20 Ireland (2024): “they should ideally not spend more than 1 hour a day using screens”.24 Sweden (2024): “max 1 timme per dag” (at most an hour a day).25 Norway (2025-2026): “maksimalt 0,5–1 time daglig på fritiden” (at most half an hour to an hour a day of leisure).26 Finland (2026): “enintään tunti päivässä” (at most an hour a day).27 Italy (Italian Paediatric Society, 2018; according to the press, the society confirmed the recommendation in 2025): “less than 1 h per day in children aged 2–5 years”.32 Canadian Paediatric Society (2022): “about 1 hour or less per day”.33 Germany (2025), from 3 to 6: “zusammen höchstens 30 Minuten” (30 minutes at most, all screens together).28 France, ministry (2025): from 3 to 6, use “doit rester exceptionnelle” (should remain exceptional).17 French Paediatric Society and three other societies (2025): “pas d'écran avant 6 ans” (no screens before age 6).19 For the AEP, Catalonia and the Spanish Government's committee, see “What they recommend in Spain”.

From 6 to 12

The figures range from less than an hour to two hours a day: the AEP says less than an hour; Catalonia, up to an hour; Germany, 45 minutes to an hour depending on age; and Sweden, one to two hours. Many give none: the WHO says the studies don't allow one to be set, and, among others, the UK (still preparing its guidance) and the American Academy of Pediatrics don't set one either.

The gap between the figures is bigger than it looks: the AEP includes school and homework, and Sweden counts only leisure.

A family film now and then? Finland says that, from 6 to 13, screens can sometimes be used for longer, for example to watch a film together or play with friends.27

Where this comes from

WHO (2020), for ages 5-17: limit sedentary time, especially leisure screen time, but “overall the evidence was considered insufficient to support specifying time limits”.16 Sweden (2024): “max 1–2 timmar per dag” (at most one to two hours a day), of leisure.25 Germany: 45 minutes from 6 to 9 (September 2025 leaflet)28 and “Max. 45 bis 60 Min.” (45 to 60 minutes at most) from 9 to 12 (its page on media education, which cites the German paediatric societies' guideline).30 Canadian Paediatric Society (2019, reaffirmed in 2025): a family plan with time and content limits that are “individualized”, with no figure.34 American Academy of Pediatrics (2026): sets no figure; as an example, “1 to 2 hours/day or more of entertainment (not school-related) media” from age 6.37 Finland (2026): at most an hour a day from 6 to 10 and two from 11 to 13; and, from 6 to 13, “Satunnaisesti laitteita voidaan käyttää enemmän” (devices can occasionally be used for longer).27 France: from age 6, “toujours avec un suivi parental renforcé” (always with closer parental oversight).17 UK: in June 2026 it opened a consultation to produce guidance for ages 5-16.23 For the AEP, Catalonia and the Spanish Government's committee, see “What they recommend in Spain”.

Do educational apps count?

Norway and Finland count them towards the time limit, and say so explicitly for ages 2 to 5: among the things a child can do within their hour, they list games and apps for learning. The AEP makes no exception when the screen is for learning, and in 2025 it said school and homework count, even for under-6s. The Catalan Paediatric Society counts leisure and learning use alike.

The French Paediatric Society goes further: for under-6s it doesn't even allow content presented as educational. In the UK, by contrast, the experts who prepared the official guidance say that interactive educational content can help children learn. The American Academy of Pediatrics says some educational apps can help, especially with an adult alongside, and at the same time warns that many apps presented as educational are of poor quality.

And at school? The AEP and five other medical societies also count school, even for under-6s: for them, the limit is zero in class too. The Spanish Government's committee asks for no individual devices in early years education, and the French Paediatric Society says its recommendation applies both at home and at school. Those in northern Europe, by contrast, count only leisure.31319

Where this comes from

AEP: the only exception is brief social contact (see “What they recommend in Spain”).1 Catalan Paediatric Society: time should be regulated “ja sigui amb finalitats d'oci o amb finalitats educatives” (whether for leisure or for learning).7 Norway (2025-2026), from 2 to 5, suitable content within the time: “pedagogiske spill, interaktive bøker, læringsapper” (educational games, interactive books, learning apps).26 Finland (2026), from 2 to 5: apps that support learning, reading, moving and creating.27 French Paediatric Society (2025): neither the screen nor its content, “y compris ceux prétendument ‘éducatifs’” (including content supposedly “educational”), is suitable for under-6s.19 UK (2026): “Educational content on interactive screens can improve early learning performance”.21 American Academy of Pediatrics (2026): “Certain educational apps may promote STEM […] and language learning”, and it warns about apps presented as educational that have shallow goals, ads and many game-like features.37 At school: the AEP with the societies of the Plataforma Control Z (2025), from 0 to 6, “cero pantallas en esta franja de edad, incluyendo el tiempo escolar y los deberes” (zero screens at this age, including school time and homework);3 the Spanish Government's committee, in early years education, “no se utilizarán dispositivos digitales individuales” (individual digital devices will not be used; measure 11);13 the French Paediatric Society, “ceci s'applique à la maison comme à l'école” (this applies both at home and at school).19

The advice that keeps coming up

  • An adult alongsideespecially with young children, and talking about what they watch
  • Nothing at the tableno screens while eating
  • Nothing in the bedroom or before bedmost say the hour before; Sweden, at least half an hour; Catalonia, a couple of hours at least; and the AEP, one to two
  • Not to calm them downwhen they're restless or angry, or to keep them busy when they're bored
  • Adults firstcut down your own use in front of young children
  • Be wary of the “educational” labelgood-quality content, with no ads or rewards (stars, gifts) that push them to play for longer
Who says so

An adult alongside: the AEP (“Evitar el uso de los dispositivos sin la presencia de un adulto”, avoid using devices without an adult present), the Catalan Paediatric Society (“la visualització conjunta amb els adults responsables”, watching together with the responsible adults), the UK, Sweden, the Canadian Paediatric Society (“co-view”) and the American Academy of Pediatrics.4720253337

Nothing at the table: the Catalan Paediatric Society, the Spanish Government's committee, the UK, Germany (“Beim Essen […] ist Bildschirm-Pause”, at mealtimes, a screen break), Norway, Canada and the American Academy of Pediatrics (on its pages for families).7132029263438

Nothing in the bedroom or before bed: in the bedroom, the AEP (“Evitar las pantallas en lugares privados como el baño y el dormitorio”, avoid screens in private places such as the bathroom and the bedroom), the Catalan Health Department (no television or computer in the bedroom), Germany and the Canadian Paediatric Society (“discourage recreational screen use in bedrooms”).592934 Before bed, the Catalan Paediatric Society (“un parell d'hores abans d'anar a dormir”, a couple of hours before going to bed), the AEP and the Spanish Government's committee (one to two hours), the UK, Germany and Canada (one hour) and Sweden (“minst en halvtimma”, at least half an hour).76132025

Not to calm them down: the AEP (it warns that using a phone to reward or distract children aged 1 to 4 makes them ask for it to calm down),1 the Catalan Education Department (“Descarteu l'ús per distreure'ls”, don't use it to distract them),10 France's national health insurance (the Assurance Maladie), Norway, Finland and the American Academy of Pediatrics.18262737

Adults first: the Spanish Government's committee (“limitar el uso de dispositivos digitales por los adultos en presencia de menores hasta los 6 años”, limit adults' use of digital devices in front of children up to age 6),13 the Catalan Paediatric Society (“Feu el menor ús possible del telèfon mòbil quan sigueu amb l'infant”, use your phone as little as possible when you are with your child),7 the Barcelona College of Physicians (“Evitar l'ús de pantalles per part dels pares durant l'alletament del nadó”, parents should avoid using screens while breastfeeding),11 paediatricians in the Basque Country and Navarre,12 and Austria.31

Be wary of the “educational” label: the American Academy of Pediatrics and the UK guidance for early years providers (apps may say they are educational, “but this does not mean they are automatically safe or of high quality”).3722 The Canadian Paediatric Society (“The best educational apps will have a clear learning goal and encourage participation”) and Sweden (apps without advertising or algorithms) give criteria for choosing one.3525

Why they don't agree, and what we don't know

Many say the studies don't show how much screen time it takes to cause harm, and that the figures are set out of caution: the WHO says there isn't enough evidence to set a figure from age 5; the British experts, that they found no convincing study to justify one; and Norway, that the findings point in different directions. The WHO, for example, makes a strong recommendation for under-5s, and at the same time says the studies behind it are of very low quality. Others say the opposite: the French Paediatric Society, that the harm has already been shown, and the AEP with the other Spanish medical societies, that there is enough to act on.

Some set the limit where it seems prudent to them, and others prefer not to give any figure and to talk about content and being there with the child. And within the same country there are documents that don't agree: in Spain, the US, Canada, France, Germany and Portugal. In none of the documents we have read did we find how to count the screen time of a younger sibling watching while the older one plays.

In 2026, a letter published in the AEP's journal criticised the article the recommendation is based on: it doesn't mention the possible benefits of screens, and that, the letter says, suggests the studies were selected in a biased way. The authors of the recommendation replied that what matters is total time and that caution is needed.

This guide doesn't explain what screens do to children: it only brings together what these organisations recommend.

Where this comes from

WHO (2020), for ages 5-17: “overall the evidence was considered insufficient to support specifying time limits”.16 WHO (2019), for under-5s: a “strong” recommendation, based on “very low quality” evidence.15 British report (2026): “None of the literature we identified provided convincing evidence for specific thresholds of screen time”.21 Norway (2025): the findings “spriker i ulike retninger” (point in different directions), especially on time thresholds.26 Catalan Paediatric Society (2024): “La majoria d'estudis de què disposem són estudis d'associació, per la qual cosa no es pot afirmar causalitat” (most of the studies available are association studies, so causation cannot be claimed), and, straight after, it says “existeix prou evidència” (there is enough evidence) linking inappropriate use to neurodevelopmental and health problems; the recommended time “és un temps orientatiu” (is a rough guide).78 French Paediatric Society (2025): “en 2025, le doute n'est plus permis” (in 2025, there is no longer room for doubt).19 The AEP with the societies of the Plataforma Control Z (2025): “existe suficiente evidencia como para implementar las siguientes medidas” (there is enough evidence to put the following measures in place).3 The letter (Bosch-Capblanch, 2026) and the authors' reply (Salmerón-Ruiz and others, 2026), in Anales de Pediatría.4041

See also

Sources

  1. Asociación Española de Pediatría (5 December 2024). La AEP actualiza sus recomendaciones sobre el uso de pantallas en la infancia y adolescencia en base a la nueva evidencia científica. Press release, in Spanish. 

  2. Asociación Española de Pediatría, Plan Digital Familiar. Recomendaciones por edad. Infographic, version 4, in Spanish. 

  3. Asociación Española de Pediatría (10 October 2025). Sociedades médicas pertenecientes a la Plataforma Control Z acuden al Congreso de los Diputados en defensa de la infancia y la juventud en los medios digitales. In Spanish. 

  4. Asociación Española de Pediatría, Plan Digital Familiar. Section “0 a 6 años”. Website, in Spanish. 

  5. Salmerón-Ruiz and others, AEP Health Promotion Committee (2025). Efectos de los medios digitales en la salud física y el desarrollo. Anales de Pediatría, 102, 503876. In Spanish. 

  6. Asociación Española de Pediatría, Mental Health Committee (2026). Manual de Salud Mental para pediatras ocupados 2026, chapter 12. In Spanish. 

  7. Societat Catalana de Pediatria (2024). Salut digital a l'edat pediàtrica. In Catalan. 

  8. Societat Catalana de Pediatria (2024). Salut digital: 12 consells. Infographic, in Catalan. 

  9. Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (2025). Protocol d'activitats preventives i de promoció de la salut a l'edat pediàtrica. Créixer amb salut, chapter “Salut digital”. In Catalan. 

  10. Departament d'Educació i Formació Professional, Generalitat de Catalunya (2025). Menys pantalla, més vida! Educació i digitalització: guia per acompanyar les famílies. In Catalan. 

  11. Col·legi de Metges de Barcelona (2024). La protecció digital d'infants i adolescents. In Catalan. 

  12. Sociedad Vasco-Navarra de Pediatría and Asociación Vasca de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (2025). Infancia, adolescencia y dispositivos digitales. Recursos para familias. In Spanish. 

  13. Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia (2024). Informe del comité de personas expertas para el desarrollo de un entorno digital seguro para la juventud y la infancia. In Spanish. 

  14. Ministerio de Sanidad (2023). Recomendaciones de actividad física y reducción del sedentarismo. Infographics by age, in Spanish. 

  15. World Health Organization (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. 

  16. World Health Organization (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. 

  17. Ministère chargé de la santé (2025, updated in 2026). Écrans : des risques pour la santé physique et mentale des enfants, un accompagnement nécessaire. In French. 

  18. Service Public (2025). Renforcement de la protection des 0-3 ans face aux écrans, with the Assurance Maladie's guidance for parents. In French. 

  19. Société française de pédiatrie and others (2025). Les activités sur écrans ne conviennent pas aux enfants de moins de 6 ans. In French. 

  20. UK Government, Best Start in Life (2026). Screen time guidance for under 5s. 

  21. Early Years Screen Time Advisory Group (2026). Screen use by children aged under five: independent report. Department for Education and Department of Health and Social Care. 

  22. Department for Education (2026). Help for early years providers: Screen use. 

  23. Department for Education (2026). Screen use by children aged 5 to 16. Call for evidence. 

  24. Health Service Executive (2024). Screen time and young children. 

  25. Folkhälsomyndigheten (2024, updated in 2026). Hjälp ditt barn på nätet. In Swedish. 

  26. Helsedirektoratet (2025, revised in 2026). Nasjonale faglige råd for skjermbruk blant barn, unge og foresatte. In Norwegian. 

  27. THL and Opetushallitus (2026). Digisuositukset lapsille ovat valmiit. National recommendations for leisure time, ages 0 to 13, in Finnish. 

  28. Bundesinstitut für Öffentliche Gesundheit (2025). Wie oft und wie lange dürfen Kinder Medien nutzen?. In German. 

  29. Bundesinstitut für Öffentliche Gesundheit (2025). Bildschirmmedien im Familienleben – 6 Empfehlungen. May 2025 leaflet, in German. 

  30. Bundesinstitut für Öffentliche Gesundheit, kindergesundheit-info.de. Medienerziehung. In German. 

  31. Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz (2026). Bildschirmfrei von Null bis Drei. In German. 

  32. Bozzola and others, Società Italiana di Pediatria (2018). Media devices in pre-school children: the recommendations of the Italian pediatric society. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44, 69. 

  33. Canadian Paediatric Society (2022). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. 

  34. Canadian Paediatric Society (2019, reaffirmed in 2025). Digital media: Promoting healthy screen use in school-aged children and adolescents. 

  35. Canadian Paediatric Society, Caring for Kids (2025). Screen use and young children. 

  36. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (2016). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth. 

  37. American Academy of Pediatrics (2026). Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Policy Statement. Pediatrics, 157(2), e2025075320. 

  38. American Academy of Pediatrics, HealthyChildren.org (2026). Helping Kids Thrive in a Digital World: AAP Policy Explained. 

  39. American Academy of Pediatrics, HealthyChildren.org (2016). Why to Avoid TV for Infants & Toddlers. 

  40. Bosch-Capblanch (2026). Sesgos de selección de la evidencia, a propósito de “Efectos de los medios digitales en la salud física y el desarrollo”. Anales de Pediatría, 105, 504197. In Spanish. 

  41. Salmerón-Ruiz and others (2026). Respuesta de los autores. Anales de Pediatría, 105, 504377. In Spanish. 

Published on 25 October 2026. · How we know